Method and apparatus for transmitting synchronization signals in an OFDM based cellular communications system

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus are provided for transmitting a synchronization signal for cell search in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communications system. The method includes identifying a primary synchronization sequence; identifying a secondary synchronization sequence associated with a cell identifier; mapping the primary synchronization sequence based on center subcarriers in a first OFDM symbol; mapping the secondary synchronization sequence based on the center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol; transmitting the mapped primary synchronization sequence in the first OFDM symbol; and transmitting the mapped secondary synchronization sequence in the second OFDM symbol. The second OFDM symbol is adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, and the center subcarriers are part of a system bandwidth and a part of the center subcarriers is not used for mapping the secondary synchronization sequence.

PRIORITY

This application is a Continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 13/431,574, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar.27, 2012, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser.No. 12/161,436, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Nov.24, 2008, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,175,029, and claims priority to PCTApplication PCT/KR2007/000262, filed on Jan. 16, 2007, which claimspriority to an application filed in the Korean Industrial PropertyOffice on Jan. 18, 2006 and assigned Serial No. 10-2006-0005408, theentire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the structure of a downlinksynchronization channel and cell search for obtaining synchronization inan Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based cellularcommunications system.

2. Description of the Related Art

Recently, the OFDM technology has been widely applied to broadcast andmobile communication systems. The OFDM technology enables the radiocommunication channel to be cleared from multipath interferences,secures the orthogonality between multiple access users, and makes itpossible to effectively use frequency resources. OFDM is more useful forhigh speed data transmission and broadband communications systems,compared to the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Thecellular radio communications requires synchronization and cell searchbetween the transmitter and the receiver in order to demodulate thereceived data and control information.

FIG. 1 illustrates the Dedicated Physical CHannel (DPCH) for datatransmission applied to the WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) cellularcommunications standard downlink, according to the conventional art. Asshown in FIG. 1, a radio frame 102 of 10 ms consists of 15 slots, eachincluding 2560 chips, each having a length of 3.84 Mcps. The downlinksynchronization and cell search (hereinafter “cell search”) is a processof detecting the frame starting point of the physical channelstransmitted and cell-specific scrambling code applied to the physicalchannel transmission in the cell where the user exists.

In the WCDMA system, user equipment such as a mobile communicationterminal obtains the synchronization of the slot timing in the firststep of the cell search. In the second step, it obtains the group ofcell-specific scrambling codes applied to the frame timingsynchronization and corresponding cell. Next, it searches thecell-specific scrambling codes belonging to the obtained cell code groupin order to obtain the cell-specific scrambling code applied to the basestation.

Thus, the user equipment may demodulate the received data and controlchannels by obtaining the frame timing synchronization and scramblingcode information of the cell to which it belongs, and consequentlydetect the cell IDentifier (ID) through the demodulation of BroadcastingCHannel (BCH). In the asynchronous communications system, the cellsearch is performed by detection of the scrambling code group, anddetection of the cell-specific scrambling code as described above sincethere are numerous possible cell-specific scrambling codes.

FIG. 2 illustrates the frame structure in the time region in theconventional ODFM based system. In FIG. 2, a single radio frame 202consists of L (#0, #1, #2, . . . , #(L−1)) OFDM symbols 200. The framestructure may also be described in the frequency region, as shown inFIG. 3. The OFDM technology is a multi-carrier transmission technologythat enables the data and control channel information to be dividedamong multiple subcarriers and transmitted parallel.

FIG. 3 illustrates the frame structure of OFDM transmission signals bothin the frequency and the time region.

In FIG. 3, a single OFDM symbol 300 consists of N (#0, #1, #2, . . . ,#(N−1)) subcarriers 302 in the frequency region. Each subcarrier 302carries the modulation symbol 304 of the information transmittedparallel. The OFDM symbol structure may be represented in the timeregion as shown in FIG. 4.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, applying Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT) having a size of N to the N subcarrier symbols 302, gives thevalues of N samples 408 s₀, s₁, . . . , s_(N-1). The OFDM symbol 404 isproduced by copying M samples (S_(N-M), . . . , s_(N-2), s_(N-1)) 406 inthe rear portion of the N samples onto the front end 410 of the OFDMsymbol. The M samples portion copied onto the front end is called theCyclic Prefix (CP) 400, and the original N samples portion is called theUseful symbol 402.

Considering the frame structure of the OFDM system described above, asimilar cell search process may be applied to the OFDM based cellularradio communications system as in the WCDMA system. For example, thecell search process of the OFDM based system proposed in the article“Three-Step Cell Search Algorithm Exploiting Common Pilot Channel forOFCDM Broadband Wireless Access” by M. Tanno, H. Atarashi, K. Higuchi,and M. Sawahashi, IEICE Trans. Commun. Vol. E86-B, No. 1, January 2003(hereinafter reference article) also consists of three steps. Namely,the same process as in the WCDMA is performed, except that the firststep consists of OFDM symbol timing synchronization instead of slottiming synchronization, because the OFDM system requires the OFDM symbolas the basic unit for constituting the frame, as shown in FIG. 2.

Considering the OFDM symbol structure of FIG. 4, the OFDM symbol timingmay be detected by using the fact that the samples constituting the CP400 are the same as the M samples 406 in the rear part of the Usefulsymbol interval. The remaining two steps are the same as in the WCDMAsystem, wherein the second step is to obtain the frame timingsynchronization and the scrambling code group, and the third step is todetect the cell-specific scrambling code.

However, the procedure of obtaining the synchronization in the secondstep is very complicated and overly time-consuming with respect toobtaining the synchronization based on obtaining both the framesynchronization and the cell code group search. This problem causes acell search delay when the user equipment needs to be handed over toanother cell. The problem of the second step is closely connected withthe structure of the downlink synchronization channel. In thesynchronization channel structure proposed in the reference article, thesubcarriers belonging to the first OFDM symbols carry the cell groupcode, while the other symbols carry the cell-specific scrambling code.This frame structure requires the user equipment to detect the groupcontaining the scrambling code applied to its cell in order to detectthe frame starting point.

The problem concerning obtaining the frame synchronization may beresolved by repeating the same sequence in the time region, as in thesynchronization channel structure specified in the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard, as shown inFIG. 5. The synchronization preamble OFDM symbol 500 as shown in FIG. 5consists of three repeated sequences 502, 504 and 506 arranged at thefront-most portion of the frame.

More specifically, the three sequences 502, 504 and 506 may berepresented by multiplying an arbitrary complex number e^(iq) with asize of 1 between one another. The user equipment determines the framestarting point by detecting the preamble 500. Even if the user equipmentdoes not have the correct information on the pattern of the sequences502, 504 and 506 in the preamble, it may obtain the framesynchronization through the preamble detected by searching out the OFDMsymbol timing producing the three same sequences 502, 504 and 506. Thisprocess does not require the user equipment to know the sequencesapplied to the preamble, and therefore achieves more desirable framesynchronization than applying the synchronization channel structureproposed in the reference article.

The IEEE 802.16 system provides the same synchronization for thetransmission signals between base stations, which uses a single OFDMsymbol 500 to constitute the synchronization channel enabling the userequipment to successfully carry out the cell search, as shown in FIG. 5.However, in the asynchronous system or the synchronous system withnumerous possible cell-scrambling codes, the preamble consisting of asingle OFDM symbol as described above has difficulty ensuring theperformance and structure for smoothly obtaining the downlink framesynchronization and the cell-specific scrambling code. Hence, thesynchronization channel generally consists of two or more OFDM symbolsso as to divide the process of obtaining the frame timingsynchronization and cell-specific code into multiple steps as in theprevious WCDMA system. In this case, the method of constituting thesynchronization channel influences the performance and complexity ofeach step of carrying out the cell search.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide the structure of adownlink synchronization channel for enabling fast cell search in asystem employing a synchronization channel consisting of at least twoOFDM symbols.

It is another object of the present invention to provide the structureof a synchronization channel for enabling the user equipment nearing acell boundary to be immediately handed over to an adjacent cell bysmoothly carrying out the cell search.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide thestructure of a synchronization channel for enabling the user equipmentnearing a cell boundary to smoothly carry out the cell search byminimizing the interferences from the adjacent cells in a systemsupporting the scalability of the system and user equipment bandwidth.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method forenabling the user equipment nearing a cell boundary to improveperformance of obtaining the frame synchronization by combining thesynchronization channels from the adjacent channels.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a method forcommunication is provided, which includes identifying a primarysynchronization sequence; identifying a secondary synchronizationsequence associated with a cell identifier; mapping the primarysynchronization sequence based on center subcarriers in a first OFDMsymbol; mapping the secondary synchronization sequence based on thecenter subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol; transmitting the mappedprimary synchronization sequence in the first OFDM symbol; andtransmitting the mapped secondary synchronization sequence in the secondOFDM symbol. The second OFDM symbol is adjacent to the first OFDMsymbol, and the center subcarriers are part of a system bandwidth and apart of the center subcarriers is not used for mapping the secondarysynchronization sequence.

According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus forcommunication is provided, which includes a generator configured toidentify a primary synchronization sequence and to identify a secondarysynchronization sequence associated with a cell identifier; a mapperconfigured to map the primary synchronization sequence based on centersubcarriers in a first OFDM symbol and to map the secondarysynchronization sequence based on the center subcarriers in a secondOFDM symbol; and a transmitter configured to transmit the mapped primarysynchronization sequence in the first OFDM symbol and to transmit themapped secondary synchronization sequence in the second OFDM symbol. Thesecond OFDM symbol is adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, and the centersubcarriers are part of a system bandwidth and a part of the centersubcarriers is not used for mapping the secondary synchronizationsequence.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method forcommunication is provided, which includes receiving a first OFDM symbolof a frame, the first OFDM symbol including a primary synchronizationsequence; and receiving a second OFDM symbol in the frame, the secondOFDM symbol including a secondary synchronization sequence associatedwith a cell identifier. The primary synchronization sequence is mappedbased on center subcarriers in the first OFDM symbol and the secondarysynchronization sequence is mapped based on the center subcarriers in asecond OFDM symbol, the second OFDM symbol is adjacent to the first OFDMsymbol, and the center subcarriers are part of a system bandwidth and apart of the center subcarriers is not used for mapping the secondarysynchronization sequence.

According to an aspect of the present invention, an apparatus forcommunication is provided, which includes a receiver configured toreceive a first OFDM symbol of a frame, the first OFDM symbol includinga primary synchronization sequence, and to receive a second OFDM symbolin the frame, the second OFDM symbol including a secondarysynchronization sequence associated with a cell identifier. The primarysynchronization sequence is mapped based on center subcarriers in thefirst OFDM symbol and the secondary synchronization sequence is mappedbased on the center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol, the second OFDMsymbol is adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, and the center subcarriersare part of a system bandwidth and a part of the center subcarriers isnot used for mapping the secondary synchronization sequence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become more apparent from the following detaileddescription when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing inwhich:

FIG. 1 illustrates the frame structure of the physical channel in aconventional WCDMA system;

FIG. 2 illustrates the frame structure in the time region in aconventional OFDM-based system;

FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of a conventional OFDM transmissionsignal both in the frequency region and in the time region;

FIG. 4 illustrates the structure of a conventional OFDM symbol in thetime region;

FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of a conventional preamble forobtaining the downlink synchronization;

FIG. 6A illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention, in the timeregion;

FIG. 6B illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention, both in thefrequency region and in the time region;

FIG. 6C illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention, both in thefrequency region and in the time region, when the synchronizationchannel is transmitted over a part of the system bandwidth;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a multi-cell model according to a firstembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8A illustrates an example of transmitting each cell's S-SCH over adifferent dispersed frequency resource by defining the frequency reusefactor as 3 among the cells belonging to the same node B according to afirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8B illustrates an example of transmitting each cell's S-SCH over adifferent subcarrier by defining the frequency reuse factor as 3 amongthe cells belonging to the same node B according to a first embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of the case where the user equipments withdifferent bandwidths exist in the system bandwidth in a systemsupporting a scalable bandwidth;

FIG. 10 illustrates each cell's S-SCH mapped to the frequency resourcesamong the cells belonging to different nodes B according to a firstembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates the process of carrying out the cell search with thesynchronization channel structure according to a first embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates the process of obtaining the S-SCH code in the cellsearch process of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 illustrates the structure of the cell search receiver of theuser equipment for the synchronization channel structure according to afirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14A illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention in the timeregion;

FIG. 14B illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention, both in thefrequency region and in the time region;

FIG. 15 illustrates the process of carrying out the cell search with thesynchronization channel structure according to a second embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates the structure of the cell search receiver for thesynchronization channel structure according to a second embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 17 illustrates the structure of the synchronization channelaccording to a third embodiment of the present invention, both in thefrequency region and in the time region;

FIG. 18 illustrates the process of carrying out the cell search with thesynchronization channel structure according to a third embodiment of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 19 illustrates a transmitter for producing the synchronizationchannel according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the followingdescription, well-known functions or constructions are not described indetail for the sake of clarity and conciseness. The terminology used inthis description should be interpreted according to the functions of theinventive system considering the objects of the present invention.

The present invention concerns the synchronization channel structure forcarrying out the downlink cell search in an OFDM-based cellular system.The synchronization channel structure of the invention is based on theprocess of carrying out the cell search through the following two steps:

First Step: Obtaining frame timing synchronization using the PrimarySynchronization CHannel (P-SCH).

Second Step: Obtaining cell-specific scrambling code using the SecondarySynchronization CHannel (S-SCH).

As described above, if the cell search is performed by separating thestep of obtaining the frame timing synchronization and the step ofobtaining the cell group scrambling code, both the performance ofobtaining the frame timing and the complexity of the cell search may beimproved. The present invention provides a synchronization channelstructure suitable to each step in order to maximize the performance ofobtaining the synchronization in each step of the cell search. It may berequired to obtain the cell group code prior to obtaining thecell-specific scrambling code according to the system, and in this case,the present invention performs the step of obtaining the cell group codeafter the first step of obtaining the frame timing synchronization.

The basic concept of the synchronization channel structure disclosed inthe present invention is based on the fact that all cells may apply thesame code to the P-SCH for obtaining the frame synchronization in thefirst step of the cell search, and in the second step of obtaining thecell-specific scrambling code, each cell applies a different code to theS-SCH. Hence, the P-SCH is set with a frequency reuse factor of 1 to betransmitted over the same frequency resource in all the cells, so thatthe user equipment may combine the P-SCH from several cells to smoothlyobtain the framing timing synchronization, and correctly evaluate thefrequency error between the user equipment and the base station.

The S-SCH is set with a frequency reuse factor greater than 1,considering the cell ID generally used in the S-SCH, so that adjacentcells may employ different frequency resources for transmitting theS-SCH in order to prevent S-SCH interferences between the adjacentcells. Namely, the S-SCH is used to improve the performance of obtainingthe cell-specific scrambling code.

Example 1

In FIG. 6A which illustrates the synchronization channel structureaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention in the timeregion, the P-SCH 600 is transmitted over two OFDM symbols, and theS-SCH 602 is transmitted over a single OFDM symbol. The P-SCH 600 isused to obtain the downlink frame timing synchronization, and the S-SCH602 is used to obtain the cell-specific scrambling code.

The sequence is the same for the two OFDM symbols constituting the P-SCH600 in the time region. The CP 604 of the second OFDM symbol is placedbehind the useful symbol interval, as shown in FIG. 6A, so that the userequipment may correctly estimate the frequency error amounting to manysubcarrier spacings between the base station and the user equipment. Theposition and existence of the CP 604 in the P-SCH 600 is not describedin detail because it does not relate to the object of the presentinvention.

In FIG. 6B which illustrates the synchronization channel structureaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention, both in thetime region and in the frequency region, the sequence p_(n) (n=1, 2, . .. , N) applied to the P-SCH 610 is repeated in two OFDM symbolintervals, and the symbols p_(n) constituting the sequence of a length Nof the P-SCH 610 are carried by respective subcarriers. The sequence ofthe P-SCH 610 is the same for the first and second OFDM symbols 614 and616, and therefore, the OFDM sample sequence obtained by subjecting theP-SCH 610 to IFFT becomes the same.

Although the P-SCH 610 and S-SCH 612 are transmitted over the OFDMsymbols adjacent to the starting point of the frame, as shown in FIG.6B, it causes no problem for the successful downlink cell search toemploy other OFDM symbols adjacent to or separate from one another forthe transmission, provided that there be ensured the index of the OFDMsymbol for transmitting the synchronization channel between the userequipment and the base station. Therefore, the present invention has nolimitation to the position of the synchronization channels in the frame.

In FIG. 6B, the sequences p_(n) (n=1, 2, . . . , N) of the P-SCH 610 aretransmitted over all the subcarriers, while the sequences s_(i,m) (m=1,2, . . . , M) of the S-SCH 612 are separately mapped to the subcarrierswith a spacing of three subcarriers, and the null subcarriers 618between the S-SCH sequences carry no signal, wherein i represents thecell-specific sequence index. In the first embodiment of the presentinvention, it is assumed that the P-SCH 610 is applied with the samesequence, and the S-SCH 612 with the cell-specific sequence.

FIG. 6B illustrates the synchronization channel transmitted over theentire system bandwidth 611, while FIG. 6C illustrates thesynchronization channel transmitted over a part 620 of the systembandwidth 628. In FIG. 6C, the dummy band 622 not used for thesynchronization channel transmission may carry other channels or nosignal. In this case, the sequences carried by the P-SCH 624 and S-SCH626 become shorter than in FIG. 6B using the whole system bandwidth(Q<N). The method of applying the frequency reuse factor differently tothe P-SCH and S-SCH hereinafter described is also used for the cases ofFIGS. 6B and 6C.

FIG. 7 illustrates a system consisting of three cells for each node B,in order to describe the mapping of the S-SCH among the cells accordingto a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 7, node B #1 706consists of three cells A1 700, A2 702 and A3 704, and the other nodes B#2, B #3 and B #4 each exist likewise. In this cell structure, the userequipment existing in the boundary between the cells A1 700 and A3 704receives signals of similar power from the two cells 700 and 704. Allthe cells apply the same sequence for the P-SCH, and the cells under thesame node B generally apply the same transmission time, so that the userequipment soft-combines the P-SCH from both cells A1 700 and A3 704,resulting in its received power being higher than from each cell. Thusthe P-SCH may be more effectively detected. On the contrary, the S-SCHis applied with different codes among the cells, so that the S-SCH maynot be soft-combined to cause S-SCH interferences between the cellsusing the same frequency resource, which is different from the case ofthe P-SCH.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the S-SCH frequency resource mapping amongcells according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG.8A, the frequency reuse factor is set to 3 so as to make the cells A1800, A2 802 and A3 804, under the same node B, use different subcarriersfor transmitting the S-SCH, thereby producing no S-SCH interferencesbetween the cells 800, 802 and 804. Meanwhile, the data subcarriers 808,818 carry the S-SCH sequence symbols of corresponding cells, and thenull subcarriers 806, 816 do not carry any signals.

In FIGS. 8A and 8B, the symbols {s_(i, m)}, {s_(j, m)}, {s_(l, m)} arethe S-SCH sequences carried by the respective data subcarriers 808, 818of the cells A1, A2 and A3, wherein the subscripts i, j, and l representthe indexes of the corresponding S-SCH sequences.

As described above, the first embodiment of the present invention hasset the frequency reuse factor of the S-SCH to 3, but another value maybe used to allocate frequency resources for the S-SCH with minimizedinterferences between adjacent cells.

In FIG. 8A, the subcarriers are used with a spacing of three subcarriersso that the cells may not be overlapped, whereby the S-SCH code of eachcell is carried by the corresponding subcarrier, spread over the entirebandwidth or the sub-bandwidth (see 620 in FIG. 6C) allocated for theS-SCH transmission. In contrast, the S-SCH structure as shown in FIG. 8Billustrates the entire bandwidth or the sub-bandwidth allocated for theS-SCH transmission divided into three bands, each consisting of twoadjacent subcarriers for carrying the S-SCH in each cell.

The structure of FIG. 8A enabling the frequency resources used for theS-SCH transmission to be spread and interleaved among the cells isadvantageous compared to the structure of FIG. 8B. First, the structureof FIG. 8A may have a greater frequency diversity gain than FIG. 8Bbecause each cell transmits the S-SCH spread widely. Second, if theS-SCH is spread over the entire system bandwidth for transmission in asystem supporting a scalable bandwidth, the user equipment supporting asmaller bandwidth than the base station bandwidth may receive the S-SCHof an adjacent cell to carry out the cell search, even in handover.

FIG. 9 illustrates that the User Equipments (UEs) A 902, B 904 and C 906are provided with the services of a system 900 with 20 MHz bandwidth908. UE A 902 has a communication range of 5 MHz, receiving the signalsfrom the left 5 MHz bandwidth 910. UE B 904 also has a range of 5 MHz,and receives the services from the central bandwidth 912 of the entirebandwidth 20 MHz, and UE C 906 receives services from the entirebandwidth 914 of 20 MHz.

Referring to FIGS. 8B and 9, UE A 902, receiving data from the bandwidth910, cannot receive the S-SCH from the cells A2 812 and A3 814 under theS-SCH structure of FIG. 8B, because the S-SCH from the cells A2 812 andA3 814 is transmitted in different bandwidths from the bandwidth of UE A902 in FIG. 8B. Hence, in order for UE A 902 to receive the S-SCH fromthe cells A2 812 and A3 814, the time for performing the cell searchshould be agreed upon between the system and UE A 902. Namely, in theagreed upon cell search time, UE A 902 must move to the bandwidthtransmitting the S-SCH from the cell A2 812 or A3 814 in order toreceive the S-SCH to be used for the cell search. However, if the userequipment cannot receive the synchronization channel of an adjacentcell, and also receives it only in a particular period, fast handover isrestricted, and the process of obtaining the synchronization becomescomplicated.

In the case of the P-SCH transmitted over the entire bandwidth as shownin FIG. 6B, UE A 902 may always receive the whole or a part of the P-SCHsequence regardless of the bandwidth occupied by UE A 902. The S-SCHstructure of FIG. 8A, as distinguished from that of FIG. 8B, enables theS-SCH sequences from the cells A1 00, A2 802 and A3 804 to be spreadover the entire bandwidth for transmission, so that the UE with asmaller bandwidth than the system bandwidth may receive the S-SCH froman adjacent cell regardless of the bandwidth presently receiving data.Namely, UE A 902 may receive only the sequence part transmitted over its5 MHz bandwidth, from among the S-SCH sequences transmitted over theentire bandwidth from the cells A1 800, A2 802 and A3 804, in order toperform the cell search for the S-SCH.

Meanwhile, in a synchronous system with the same transmission timingapplied to different node Bs, different frequency resources may be usedfor transmitting the S-SCH in the adjacent cells belonging to thedifferent node Bs, as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, in order to preventinterferences between the S-SCH sequences of the cells. For example, inthe cell structure of FIG. 7, if the S-SCH is mapped as shown in FIG.10, the adjacent cells may use different frequency resources for theS-SCH transmission so as to prevent interferences between them.

More specifically, because the cell B2 708 of FIG. 7 is adjacent to thecells A1 700 and A3 704 and not to the cell A2 702, it employs, for theS-SCH transmission, the same frequency resource 1000 as the cell A2 702,as shown in FIG. 10. In addition, because the cell C1 710 is adjacent tothe cells B2 708 and A3 704, it employs, for the S-SCH transmission, thefrequency resource 1001 not being used by them. In those cases describedabove, all the cells use the same sequence and frequency resources fortransmitting the P-SCH, so that the user equipment may receive thesoft-combined P-SCH signal.

FIG. 11 illustrates the process of the UE performing the cell searchunder the synchronization channel structure as shown in FIG. 6B. In step1100, the UE detects the starting point of the P-SCH based on the factthat the same sequence is repeated in the P-SCH, as shown in FIG. 6A, inorder to obtain the frame timing synchronization. This is achieved bydiscovering the received signal sample timing giving the maximumcorrelation value between the presently received signal and the signalreceived after a lapse of the sample sequence length of the P-SCH. Afterobtaining the frame timing synchronization, the user equipment proceedsto step 1102 to estimate the frequency error between the base stationand the UE eliminated for obtaining the cell-specific scrambling codefrom the S-SCH. The evaluation of the frequency error may be achieved bycorrelating the normal P-SCH sequence and the received P-SCH sequence,both in the time region and in the frequency region.

Compensating for the estimated frequency error, the UE proceeds to step1104 to obtain the cell-specific scrambling code from the receivedS-SCH. Then, the UE proceeds to step 1106 to verify the synchronizationinformation obtained in the previous steps, and then to step 1108 to endthe cell search, or to return to step 1100, according to whether theframe timing and the cell-specific code are verified. If theverification step 1106 only yields success of the P-SCH synchronizationverification with failure of the cell-specific code verification, the UEmay return to step 1104 to obtain the S-SCH synchronization.

FIG. 12 illustrates the detailed process of the step 1104 as shown inFIG. 11 to obtain the cell-specific scrambling code from the S-SCH. InFIG. 12, N represents the number of possible frequency mapping patternsof the S-SCH, and n represents the index of the frequency-mappingpattern testing the synchronization of the present S-SCH code. If thefrequency reuse factor is 3 as in FIG. 8A, N is equal to 3.

The user equipment sets n equal to 0 in step 1200, and then increasesthe value of n by 1. After selecting the frequency mapping pattern ofthe S-SCH corresponding to n in step 1204, the UE proceeds to step 1206to obtain the correlation value between possible S-SCH codes and thereceived S-SCH code. The process from step 1202 to step 1206 is repeateduntil n reaches N. Namely, the process from step 1202 to step 1206 isrepeated for all of the frequency mapping patterns. If n=N in step 1208,the UE proceeds to step 1210 to select the code and frequency mappingpattern corresponding to the maximum correlation value among thecombinations of frequency mapping patterns and codes, and then ends theprocess of obtaining the S-SCH synchronization.

FIG. 13 illustrates the receiver structure for performing the cellsearch process previously described. A P-SCH time region correlator 1302correlates a received Analog to Digital (A/D) converted digital signal1300 and the P-SCH in the time region to discover the timing producingthe maximum correlation value, thus obtaining the frame timingsynchronization. The frame timing synchronization information isdelivered both to a frequency error estimator 1308 and to the cellsearch controller 1316 (1318), and the frequency error estimator 1308estimates the frequency error between the base station and the UEthrough the time region correlation.

In the P-SCH structure of FIG. 6A, the frequency error value to beestimated by the frequency error estimator 1308 is limited below thesubcarrier spacing. The estimated frequency error is compensated by afrequency error compensator 1312 and delivered to a P-SCH codecorrelator 1304 to be correlated in the frequency region of the P-SCHcode in order to give a specific frequency error value. Moreparticularly, a specific frequency error estimator 1310 compares thereceived P-SCH code with the originally defined P-SCH code p_(n) (n=1,2, . . . , N), as shown in FIG. 6B, in order to calculate itsdisplacement represented by the number of the subcarriers passed alongthe frequency axis, thus estimating the specific frequency error. Thespecific frequency error is additionally compensated by a specificfrequency error compensator 1314 delivered to an S-SCH code detector1306, which carries out the process as shown in FIG. 12 to obtain thecell-specific scrambling code delivered to a cell search controller 1316(1318).

Example 2

The first embodiment of the present invention considers the case of thecell group code not being transmitted. Meanwhile, in the case of anasynchronous system such as WCDMA, there may be a large number ofcell-specific scrambling codes which can considerably increase thecomplexity of the cell search and degrade the performance of the cellsearch due to the numerous cell-specific scrambling codes transmittedwithout the cell group code, as in the first embodiment. Hence, theembodiment considers the case of transmitting both the cell group codeand the cell-specific scrambling code through the S-SCH.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate the synchronization channel structureaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG.14A, the synchronization channel according to the second embodimentdiffers from the first embodiment of FIG. 6A in that the S-SCH 1404occupies two OFDM symbols. The difference is an additional OFDM symbol1420 of the S-SCH for transmitting the cell group code prior to the OFDMsymbol 1422 for transmitting the cell-specific scrambling code. TheP-SCH structure 1402, 1426 is the same as the P-SCH structure 600, 610of the first embodiment as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.

In FIG. 14B, the S-SCH 1420 for transmitting the cell group code alsoemploys the frequency reuse factor with a value of 3. This is to mapadjacent cells to different frequency resources in order to prevent theinterferences between the cells because the cell group code sequenceg_(k,m) becomes different according to the cells as the cell-specificscrambling sequence s_(k,m).

FIG. 15 illustrates the process of carrying out the cell search for thesynchronization channel structure according to the second embodiment ofthe present invention. The difference between the embodiment of FIG. 15and the first embodiment as shown in FIG. 11 is the addition of step1504 for obtaining the cell group code from the S-SCH. Namely, thisembodiment includes step 1504 for obtaining the cell group code betweenstep 1502 for estimating and compensating the frequency error from theP-SCH, and step 1506 for obtaining the cell-specific scrambling codefrom the S-SCH.

Another difference is that the verification of the synchronizationobtained in step 1508 corresponding to the step 1206 of the firstembodiment as shown in FIG. 12 is performed only for the cell-specificscrambling code belonging to the cell group code obtained in step 1504.

FIG. 16 illustrates the structure of the cell search receiver accordingto the synchronization channel structure of the second embodiment of thepresent invention. The difference between the embodiment of FIG. 16 andthe first embodiment is the addition of an S-SCH cell group codedetector 1602 for obtaining the cell group code from the S-SCH. Namely,the specific frequency error compensator 1600 delivers the specificfrequency error compensated received signal to the S-SCH cell group codedetector 1602 to produce the cell group code, which has a scramblingcode used in order for the S-SCH cell-specific code detector 1604 todetect the cell-specific scrambling code.

Example 3

The third embodiment of the present invention considers when the S-SCHtransmits only the cell group code, and the cell-specific scramblingcode for obtaining the cell ID is transmitted through a pilot channel.Because obtaining the cell ID is achieved by obtaining the cell-specificscrambling code used in the pilot, the cell search process also includesthe process of obtaining the cell ID through the pilot channel.

FIG. 17 illustrates the synchronization channel structure according tothe third embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment isbasically the same as the structure of FIG. 6B, except that the S-SCH612 of FIG. 6B transmits the cell-specific scrambling sequence s_(k, m),while the S-SCH 1702 of FIG. 17 transmits the cell group code sequenceg_(k, m).

FIG. 18 illustrates the process of carrying out the cell searchaccording to the third embodiment of the present invention. This processis almost the same as the process of the second embodiment as shown inFIG. 15, except that step 1802 for obtaining the cell-specific code isachieved through the pilot channel after obtaining the cell group codethrough the S-SCH in step 1800.

In addition, the cell search receiver for carrying out the process ofFIG. 18 is the same as that of the second embodiment as shown in FIG.16, except that the S-SCH cell-specific code detector 1604 of FIG. 16 isreplaced by the pilot channel cell-specific code detector.

FIG. 19 illustrates the structure of a transmitter for producing thesynchronization channel according to the first to third embodiments ofthe present invention. The P-SCH sequence generator 1900 and the S-SCHsequence generator 1902 respectively generate the P-SCH and S-SCHsequences, and the additional channel sequence generator 1904 generatesother channels. The channels are delivered through a multiplexer 1906 toa subcarrier mapping part 1908 under a controller 1912.

The subcarrier mapping part 1908 maps the output signals of themultiplexer to the input terminal of IFFT 1910 according to thesubcarrier mapping rules of the channels. For example, each sequencechip s_(i, m) of the S-SCH 612 shown in FIG. 6B is mapped through thesubcarrier mapping part 1908 to the input terminal of the IFFT 1910according to the corresponding frequency mapping pattern under thecontrol of the controller 1912. If all the sequence chips of the S-SCH612 are mapped to the input terminal of the IFFT 1910, the transmissionOFDM signal 1914 corresponding to the S-SCH 612 is produced.

As described above, the present invention has the following effects.Different frequency reuse factors are used to obtain the synchronizationchannel based on the fact that the P-SCH and S-SCH constituting thesynchronization channel for performing the downlink cell search havedifferent interference characteristics between adjacent cells. Thisimproves the reception performance by combining the P-SCH sequences fromseveral cells, and the entire cell search performance of the S-SCH bypreventing interferences between adjacent cells.

In addition, when applying the frequency reuse factor greater than 1 tothe S-SCH, the adjacent cells interlace the subcarriers used in theS-SCH so as to widely and uniformly spread the synchronization channelstransmitted in each of the cells over a wide band, thus enabling thesearch and detection of the adjacent cells to be smoothly performed.

While the present invention has been shown and described with referenceto certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for communication, the methodcomprising: identifying a primary synchronization sequence; identifyinga secondary synchronization sequence and another secondarysynchronization sequence that is different from the secondarysynchronization sequence, and the secondary synchronization sequence andthe another secondary synchronization sequence are associated with acell identifier; transmitting the primary synchronization sequence incenter subcarriers in a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) symbol; transmitting the secondary synchronization sequence inthe center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol, the second OFDM symbolbeing adjacent to the first OFDM symbol; transmitting the primarysynchronization sequence in a third OFDM symbol; and transmitting theanother secondary synchronization sequence in a fourth OFDM symbol,wherein one of the first and second OFDM symbols in the frame isadjacent to one of the third and fourth OFDM symbols in the frame, andwherein the center subcarriers are part of a system bandwidth, a part ofthe center subcarriers in the first OFDM symbol is not used fortransmission of the primary synchronization sequence, and a part of thecenter subcarriers in the second OFDM symbol is not used fortransmission of the secondary synchronization sequence.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein at least one subcarrier other than the centersubcarriers is used for signal transmission other than the primarysynchronization sequence and the secondary synchronization sequence. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the secondary synchronization sequence isassociated with a cell specific scrambling sequence.
 4. An apparatus forcommunication, the apparatus comprising: a generator configured toidentify a primary synchronization sequence, and to identify a secondarysynchronization sequence and another secondary synchronization sequencethat is different from the secondary synchronization sequence, and thesecondary synchronization sequence and the another secondarysynchronization sequence are associated with a cell identifier; and atransmitter configured to transmit the primary synchronization sequencein center subcarriers in a first Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) symbol, to transmit the secondary synchronizationsequence in the center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol, the secondOFDM symbol being adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, to transmit theprimary synchronization sequence in a third OFDM symbol, and to transmitthe another secondary synchronization sequence in a fourth OFDM symbol,wherein one of the first and second OFDM symbols in the frame isadjacent to one of the third and fourth OFDM symbols in the frame, andwherein the center subcarriers are part of a system bandwidth, a part ofthe center subcarriers in the first OFDM symbol is not used fortransmission of the primary synchronization sequence, and a part of thecenter subcarriers in the second OFDM symbol is not used fortransmission of the secondary synchronization sequence.
 5. The apparatusof claim 4, wherein at least one subcarrier other than the centersubcarriers is used for signal transmission other than the primarysynchronization sequence and the secondary synchronization sequence. 6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the secondary synchronization sequenceis associated with a cell specific scrambling sequence.
 7. A method forcommunication, the method comprising: receiving a first OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of a frame, the first OFDMsymbol including a primary synchronization sequence; receiving a secondOFDM symbol in the frame, the second OFDM symbol including a secondarysynchronization sequence associated with a cell identifier; receiving athird OFDM symbol in the frame, the third OFDM symbol including theprimary synchronization sequence; receiving a fourth OFDM symbol in theframe, the fourth OFDM symbol including another secondarysynchronization sequence, which is different from the secondarysynchronization sequence and associated with a cell identifier, andperforming the cell search based on at least one of the received firstOFDM symbol and the received second OFDM symbol and at least one of thereceived third OFDM symbol and the received fourth OFDM symbol, whereinthe primary synchronization sequence is received in center subcarriersin the first OFDM symbol and the secondary synchronization sequence isreceived in the center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol, the secondOFDM symbol being adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, wherein the centersubcarriers are part of a system bandwidth, a part of the centersubcarriers in the first OFDM symbol is not used for transmission of theprimary synchronization sequence, and a part of the center subcarriersin the second OFDM symbol is not used for transmission of the secondarysynchronization sequence, wherein the primary synchronization sequenceis received in the center subcarriers in the third OFDM symbol and theanother secondary synchronization sequence is received in the centersubcarriers in the fourth OFDM symbol, and wherein one of the first andsecond OFDM symbols in the frame is adjacent to one of the third andfourth OFDM symbols in the frame.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein atleast one subcarrier other than the center subcarriers is used forsignal reception other than the primary synchronization sequence and thesecondary synchronization sequence.
 9. The method of claim 7, whereinthe secondary synchronization sequence is associated with a cellspecific scrambling sequence.
 10. An apparatus for communication, theapparatus comprising: a receiver configured to receive a firstOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)symbol of a frame, thefirst OFDM symbol including a primary synchronization sequence, toreceive a second OFDM symbol in the frame, the second OFDM symbolincluding a secondary synchronization sequence associated with a cellidentifier, to receive a third OFDM symbol in the frame, the third OFDMsymbol including the primary synchronization sequence, and to receive afourth OFDM symbol in the frame, the fourth OFDM symbol includinganother secondary synchronization sequence, which is different from thesecondary synchronization sequence, and a controller configured toperform the cell search based on at least one of the received first OFDMsymbol and the received second OFDM symbol and at least one of thereceived third OFDM symbol and the received fourth OFDM symbol, whereinthe primary synchronization sequence is received in center subcarriersin the first OFDM symbol and the secondary synchronization sequence isreceived in the center subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol, the secondOFDM symbol being adjacent to the first OFDM symbol, wherein the centersubcarriers are part of a system bandwidth, a part of the centersubcarriers in the first OFDM symbol is not used for transmission of theprimary synchronization sequence, and a part of the center subcarriersin the second OFDM symbol is not used for transmission of the secondarysynchronization sequence, wherein the primary synchronization sequenceis received in the center subcarriers in the third OFDM symbol and theanother secondary synchronization sequence is received in the centersubcarriers in the fourth OFDM symbol, and wherein one of the first andsecond OFDM symbols in the frame is adjacent to one of the third andfourth symbols in the frame.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein atleast one subcarrier other than the center subcarriers is used forsignal reception other than the primary synchronization sequence and thesecondary synchronization sequence.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10,wherein the secondary synchronization sequence is associated with a cellspecific scrambling sequence.